The C++ Tutorial

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Chapter 0		Introduction / Getting Started
0.1		Introduction to these tutorials
0.2		Introduction to programming languages
0.3		Introduction to C/C++
0.4		Introduction to C++ development
0.5		Introduction to the compiler, linker, and libraries
0.6		Installing an Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
0.7		Compiling your first program
0.8		A few common C++ problems
0.9		Configuring your compiler: Build configurations
0.10		Configuring your compiler: Compiler extensions
0.11		Configuring your compiler: Warning and error levels
0.12	Split	Configuring your compiler: Choosing a language standard

Chapter 1		C++ Basics
1.1		Statements and the structure of a program
1.2		Comments
1.3		Introduction to variables
1.4		Variable assignment and initialization
1.5		Introduction to iostream: cout, cin, and endl
1.6		Uninitialized variables and undefined behavior
1.7		Keywords and naming identifiers
1.8		Introduction to literals and operators
1.9		Introduction to expressions
1.10		Developing your first program
1.x		Chapter 1 summary and quiz

Chapter 2		C++ Basics: Functions and Files
2.1		Introduction to functions
2.2		Function return values
2.3		Introduction to function parameters and arguments
2.4		Introduction to local scope
2.5		Why functions are useful, and how to use them effectively
2.6		Whitespace and basic formatting
2.7		Forward declarations and definitions
2.8		Programs with multiple code files
2.9	Updated	Naming collisions and an introduction to namespaces
2.10		Introduction to the preprocessor
2.11		Header files
2.12		Header guards
2.13		How to design your first programs
2.x		Chapter 2 summary and quiz

Chapter 3		Debugging C++ Programs
3.1		Syntax and semantic errors
3.2		The debugging process
3.3		A strategy for debugging
3.4		Basic debugging tactics
3.5		More debugging tactics
3.6		Using an integrated debugger: Stepping
3.7		Using an integrated debugger: Running and breakpoints
3.8		Using an integrated debugger: Watching variables
3.9		Using an integrated debugger: The call stack
3.10		Finding issues before they become problems
3.x		Chapter 3 summary and quiz

Chapter 4		Fundamental Data Types
4.1		Introduction to fundamental data types
4.2		Void
4.3		Object sizes and the sizeof operator
4.4		Signed integers
4.5		Unsigned integers, and why to avoid them
4.6		Fixed-width integers and size_t
4.7		Introduction to scientific notation
4.8		Floating point numbers
4.9		Boolean values
4.10		Introduction to if statements
4.11		Chars
4.12		Literals
4.13		Const, constexpr, and symbolic constants
4.x		Chapter 4 summary and quiz

Chapter 5		Operators
5.1		Operator precedence and associativity
5.2		Arithmetic operators
5.3		Modulus and Exponentiation
5.4		Increment/decrement operators, and side effects
5.5		Comma and conditional operators
5.6		Relational operators and floating point comparisons
5.7		Logical operators
5.x		Chapter 5 summary and quiz

Chapter O		Bit Manipulation (optional chapter)
O.1		Bit flags and bit manipulation via std::bitset
O.2		Bitwise operators
O.3		Bit manipulation with bitwise operators and bit masks
O.4		Converting between binary and decimal

Chapter 6		Object Scope and Conversions
6.1	Updated	Compound statements (blocks)
6.2	Updated	User-defined namespaces
6.3	Updated	Local variables
6.4	Updated	Introduction to global variables
6.5	Updated	Variable shadowing (name hiding)
6.6	Updated	Internal linkage
6.7	Updated	External linkage
6.8	Updated	Global constants and inline variables
6.9	Updated	Why global variables are evil
6.10	Updated	Static local variables
6.11	Updated	Scope, duration, and linkage summary
6.12	Updated	Using statements
6.13	Updated	Typedefs and type aliases
6.14	Updated	The auto keyword
6.15	Updated	Implicit type conversion (coercion)
6.16	Updated	Explicit type conversion (casting) and static_cast
6.17	Updated	Unnamed and inline namespaces
6.x	Updated	Chapter 6 summary and quiz

Please excuse the disjoint lesson numbering while we continue to update our tutorials.

Chapter S		Compound Types (originally chapter 4)
S.4.4b	Updated	An introduction to std::string
S.4.4c	New	Using a language reference
S.4.5	Updated	Enumerated types
S.4.5a	Updated	Enum classes
S.4.7	Updated	Structs
S.7.x	Updated	Chapter 7 summary and quiz

Chapter L		Control Flow (originally chapter 5)
L.5.1		Control flow introduction
L.5.2		If statements
L.5.3		Switch statements
L.5.4		Goto statements
L.5.5		While statements
L.5.6		Do while statements
L.5.7		For statements
L.5.8		Break and continue
L.5.9		Random number generation
L.5.10		std::cin, extraction, and dealing with invalid text input
L.5.11		Introduction to testing your code
L.5.x		Chapter 5 comprehensive quiz

Chapter P		Arrays, Strings, Pointers, and References (originally chapter 6)
P.6.1		Arrays (Part I)
P.6.2		Arrays (Part II)
P.6.3		Arrays and loops
P.6.4		Sorting an array using selection sort
P.6.5		Multidimensional Arrays
P.6.6		C-style strings
P.6.6a	New	An introduction to std::string_view
P.6.7		Introduction to pointers
P.6.7a		Null pointers
P.6.8		Pointers and arrays
P.6.8a		Pointer arithmetic and array indexing
P.6.8b		C-style string symbolic constants
P.6.9		Dynamic memory allocation with new and delete
P.6.9a		Dynamically allocating arrays
P.6.10		Pointers and const
P.6.11		Reference variables
P.6.11a		References and const
P.6.12		Member selection with pointers and references
P.6.12a		For-each loops
P.6.13		Void pointers
P.6.14		Pointers to pointers and dynamic multidimensional arrays
P.6.15		An introduction to std::array
P.6.16		An introduction to std::vector
P.6.17	New	Introduction to iterators
P.6.18	New	Introduction to standard library algorithms
P.6.x		Chapter P.6 comprehensive quiz

Chapter F		Functions (originally chapter 7)
F.7.1		Function parameters and arguments
F.7.2		Passing arguments by value
F.7.3		Passing arguments by reference
F.7.4		Passing arguments by address
F.7.4a		Returning values by value, reference, and address
F.7.5		Inline functions
F.7.6		Function overloading
F.7.7		Default arguments
F.7.8		Function Pointers
F.7.9		The stack and the heap
F.7.10		std::vector capacity and stack behavior
F.7.11		Recursion
F.7.12		Handling errors, cerr and exit
F.7.12a		Assert and static_assert
F.7.13		Command line arguments
F.7.14		Ellipsis (and why to avoid them)
F.7.15	New	Introduction to lambdas (anonymous functions)
F.7.16	New	Lambda captures
F.7.x		Chapter 7 comprehensive quiz

Chapter 8		Basic object-oriented programming
8.1		Welcome to object-oriented programming
8.2		Classes and class members
8.3		Public vs private access specifiers
8.4		Access functions and encapsulation
8.5		Constructors
8.5a		Constructor member initializer lists
8.5b		Non-static member initialization
8.6		Overlapping and delegating constructors
8.7		Destructors
8.8		The hidden “this” pointer
8.9		Class code and header files
8.10		Const class objects and member functions
8.11		Static member variables
8.12		Static member functions
8.13		Friend functions and classes
8.14		Anonymous objects
8.15		Nested types in classes
8.16		Timing your code
8.x		Chapter 8 comprehensive quiz

Chapter 9		Operator overloading
9.1		Introduction to operator overloading
9.2		Overloading the arithmetic operators using friend functions
9.2a		Overloading operators using normal functions
9.3		Overloading the I/O operators
9.4		Overloading operators using member functions
9.5		Overloading unary operators +, -, and !
9.6		Overloading the comparison operators
9.7		Overloading the increment and decrement operators
9.8		Overloading the subscript operator
9.9		Overloading the parenthesis operator
9.10		Overloading typecasts
9.11		The copy constructor
9.12		Copy initialization
9.13		Converting constructors, explicit, and delete
9.14		Overloading the assignment operator
9.15		Shallow vs. deep copying
9.x		Chapter 9 comprehensive quiz

Chapter 10		An introduction to object relationships
10.1		Object relationships
10.2		Composition
10.3		Aggregation
10.4		Association
10.5		Dependencies
10.6		Container classes
10.7		std::initializer_list
10.x		Chapter 10 comprehensive quiz

Chapter 11		Inheritance
11.1		Introduction to inheritance
11.2		Basic inheritance in C++
11.3		Order of construction of derived classes
11.4		Constructors and initialization of derived classes
11.5		Inheritance and access specifiers
11.6		Adding new functionality to a derived class
11.6a		Calling inherited functions and overriding behavior
11.6b		Hiding inherited functionality
11.7		Multiple inheritance
11.x		Chapter 11 comprehensive quiz

Chapter 12		Virtual Functions
12.1		Pointers and references to the base class of derived objects
12.2		Virtual functions and polymorphism
12.2a		The override and final specifiers, and covariant return types
12.3		Virtual destructors, virtual assignment, and overriding virtualization
12.4		Early binding and late binding
12.5		The virtual table
12.6		Pure virtual functions, abstract base classes, and interface classes
12.7		Virtual base classes
12.8		Object slicing
12.9		Dynamic casting
12.10		Printing inherited classes using operator<<
12.x		Chapter 12 comprehensive quiz

Chapter 13		Templates
13.1		Function templates
13.2		Function template instances
13.3		Template classes
13.4		Template non-type parameters
13.5		Function template specialization
13.6		Class template specialization
13.7		Partial template specialization
13.8		Partial template specialization for pointers
13.x		Chapter 13 comprehensive quiz

Chapter 14		Exceptions
14.1		The need for exceptions
14.2		Basic exception handling
14.3		Exceptions, functions, and stack unwinding
14.4		Uncaught exceptions and catch-all handlers
14.5		Exceptions, classes, and inheritance
14.6		Rethrowing exceptions
14.7		Function try blocks
14.8		Exception dangers and downsides
14.9	New	Exception specifications and noexcept
14.x		Chapter 14 comprehensive quiz

Chapter 15		Move semantics and smart pointers
15.1		Intro to smart pointers and move semantics
15.2		R-value references
15.3		Move constructors and move assignment
15.4		std::move
15.4a	New	std::move_if_noexcept
15.5		std::unique_ptr
15.6		std::shared_ptr
15.7		Circular dependency issues with std::shared_ptr, and std::weak_ptr
15.x		Chapter 15 comprehensive review

Chapter 16		The Standard Template Library
16.1		The Standard Library
16.2		STL containers overview
16.3		STL iterators overview
16.4		STL algorithms overview

Chapter 17		std::string
17.1		std::string and std::wstring
17.2		std::string construction and destruction
17.3		std::string length and capacity
17.4		std::string character access and conversion to C-style arrays
17.5		std::string assignment and swapping
17.6		std::string appending
17.7		std::string inserting

Chapter 18		Input and output (I/O)
18.1		Input and output (I/O) streams
18.2		Input with istream
18.3		Output with ostream and ios
18.4		Stream classes for strings
18.5		Stream states and input validation
18.6		Basic file I/O
18.7		Random file I/O

Appendix A		Miscellaneous Subjects
A.1		Static and dynamic libraries
A.2		Using libraries with Visual Studio
A.3		Using libraries with Code::Blocks

Appendix B		C++ Updates
B.1		Introduction to C++11
B.2		Introduction to C++14
B.3		Introduction to C++17

Appendix C		The end
C.1		The end?

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