In the previous lesson on bitwise operators (O.2 -- Bitwise operators), we discussed how the various bitwise operators apply logical operators to each bit within the operands. Now that we understand how they function, let’s take a look at how they’re more commonly used.
Bit masks
In order to manipulate individual bits (e.g. turn them on or off), we need some way to identify the specific bits we want to manipulate. Unfortunately, the bitwise operators don’t know how to work with bit positions. Instead they work with bit masks.
A bit mask is a predefined set of bits that is used to select which specific bits will be modified by subsequent operations.
Consider a real-life case where you want to paint a window frame. If you’re not careful, you risk painting not only the window frame, but also the glass itself. You might buy some masking tape and apply it to the glass and any other parts you don’t want painted. Then when you paint, the masking tape blocks the paint from reaching anything you don’t want painted. In the end, only the non-masked parts (the parts you want painted) get painted.
A bit mask essentially performs the same function for bits -- the bit mask blocks the bitwise operators from touching bits we don’t want modified, and allows access to the ones we do want modified.
Let’s first explore how to define some simple bit masks, and then we’ll show you how to use them.
Defining bit masks in C++14
The simplest set of bit masks is to define one bit mask for each bit position. We use 0s to mask out the bits we don’t care about, and 1s to denote the bits we want modified.
Although bit masks can be literals, they’re often defined as symbolic constants so they can be given a meaningful name and easily reused.
Because C++14 supports binary literals, defining these bit masks is easy:
#include <cstdint>
constexpr std::uint8_t mask0{ 0b0000'0001 }; // represents bit 0
constexpr std::uint8_t mask1{ 0b0000'0010 }; // represents bit 1
constexpr std::uint8_t mask2{ 0b0000'0100 }; // represents bit 2
constexpr std::uint8_t mask3{ 0b0000'1000 }; // represents bit 3
constexpr std::uint8_t mask4{ 0b0001'0000 }; // represents bit 4
constexpr std::uint8_t mask5{ 0b0010'0000 }; // represents bit 5
constexpr std::uint8_t mask6{ 0b0100'0000 }; // represents bit 6
constexpr std::uint8_t mask7{ 0b1000'0000 }; // represents bit 7Now we have a set of symbolic constants that represents each bit position. We can use these to manipulate the bits (which we’ll show how to do in just a moment).
Defining bit masks in C++11 or earlier
Because C++11 doesn’t support binary literals, we have to use other methods to set the symbolic constants. There are two good methods for doing this. Less comprehensible, but more common, is to use hexadecimal. If you need a refresher on hexadecimal, please revisit lesson 4.14 -- Literal constants.
constexpr std::uint8_t mask0{ 0x1 }; // hex for 0000 0001
constexpr std::uint8_t mask1{ 0x2 }; // hex for 0000 0010
constexpr std::uint8_t mask2{ 0x4 }; // hex for 0000 0100
constexpr std::uint8_t mask3{ 0x8 }; // hex for 0000 1000
constexpr std::uint8_t mask4{ 0x10 }; // hex for 0001 0000
constexpr std::uint8_t mask5{ 0x20 }; // hex for 0010 0000
constexpr std::uint8_t mask6{ 0x40 }; // hex for 0100 0000
constexpr std::uint8_t mask7{ 0x80 }; // hex for 1000 0000This can be a little hard to read. One way to make it easier is to use the left-shift operator to shift a bit into the proper location:
constexpr std::uint8_t mask0{ 1 << 0 }; // 0000 0001
constexpr std::uint8_t mask1{ 1 << 1 }; // 0000 0010
constexpr std::uint8_t mask2{ 1 << 2 }; // 0000 0100
constexpr std::uint8_t mask3{ 1 << 3 }; // 0000 1000
constexpr std::uint8_t mask4{ 1 << 4 }; // 0001 0000
constexpr std::uint8_t mask5{ 1 << 5 }; // 0010 0000
constexpr std::uint8_t mask6{ 1 << 6 }; // 0100 0000
constexpr std::uint8_t mask7{ 1 << 7 }; // 1000 0000Testing a bit (to see if it is on or off)
Now that we have a set of bit masks, we can use these in conjunction with a bit flag variable to manipulate our bit flags.
To determine if a bit is on or off, we use bitwise AND in conjunction with the bit mask for the appropriate bit:
#include <cstdint>
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
constexpr std::uint8_t mask0{ 0b0000'0001 }; // represents bit 0
constexpr std::uint8_t mask1{ 0b0000'0010 }; // represents bit 1
constexpr std::uint8_t mask2{ 0b0000'0100 }; // represents bit 2
constexpr std::uint8_t mask3{ 0b0000'1000 }; // represents bit 3
constexpr std::uint8_t mask4{ 0b0001'0000 }; // represents bit 4
constexpr std::uint8_t mask5{ 0b0010'0000 }; // represents bit 5
constexpr std::uint8_t mask6{ 0b0100'0000 }; // represents bit 6
constexpr std::uint8_t mask7{ 0b1000'0000 }; // represents bit 7
std::uint8_t flags{ 0b0000'0101 }; // 8 bits in size means room for 8 flags
std::cout << "bit 0 is " << ((flags & mask0) ? "on\n" : "off\n");
std::cout << "bit 1 is " << ((flags & mask1) ? "on\n" : "off\n");
return 0;
}This prints:
bit 0 is on bit 1 is off
Setting a bit
To set (turn on) a bit, we use bitwise OR equals (operator |=) in conjunction with the bit mask for the appropriate bit:
#include <cstdint>
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
constexpr std::uint8_t mask0{ 0b0000'0001 }; // represents bit 0
constexpr std::uint8_t mask1{ 0b0000'0010 }; // represents bit 1
constexpr std::uint8_t mask2{ 0b0000'0100 }; // represents bit 2
constexpr std::uint8_t mask3{ 0b0000'1000 }; // represents bit 3
constexpr std::uint8_t mask4{ 0b0001'0000 }; // represents bit 4
constexpr std::uint8_t mask5{ 0b0010'0000 }; // represents bit 5
constexpr std::uint8_t mask6{ 0b0100'0000 }; // represents bit 6
constexpr std::uint8_t mask7{ 0b1000'0000 }; // represents bit 7
std::uint8_t flags{ 0b0000'0101 }; // 8 bits in size means room for 8 flags
std::cout << "bit 1 is " << ((flags & mask1) ? "on\n" : "off\n");
flags |= mask1; // turn on bit 1
std::cout << "bit 1 is " << ((flags & mask1) ? "on\n" : "off\n");
return 0;
}This prints:
bit 1 is off bit 1 is on
We can also turn on multiple bits at the same time using Bitwise OR:
flags |= (mask4 | mask5); // turn bits 4 and 5 on at the same timeResetting a bit
To clear a bit (turn off), we use Bitwise AND and Bitwise NOT together:
#include <cstdint>
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
constexpr std::uint8_t mask0{ 0b0000'0001 }; // represents bit 0
constexpr std::uint8_t mask1{ 0b0000'0010 }; // represents bit 1
constexpr std::uint8_t mask2{ 0b0000'0100 }; // represents bit 2
constexpr std::uint8_t mask3{ 0b0000'1000 }; // represents bit 3
constexpr std::uint8_t mask4{ 0b0001'0000 }; // represents bit 4
constexpr std::uint8_t mask5{ 0b0010'0000 }; // represents bit 5
constexpr std::uint8_t mask6{ 0b0100'0000 }; // represents bit 6
constexpr std::uint8_t mask7{ 0b1000'0000 }; // represents bit 7
std::uint8_t flags{ 0b0000'0101 }; // 8 bits in size means room for 8 flags
std::cout << "bit 2 is " << ((flags & mask2) ? "on\n" : "off\n");
flags &= ~mask2; // turn off bit 2
std::cout << "bit 2 is " << ((flags & mask2) ? "on\n" : "off\n");
return 0;
}This prints:
bit 2 is on bit 2 is off
We can turn off multiple bits at the same time:
flags &= ~(mask4 | mask5); // turn bits 4 and 5 off at the same timeFlipping a bit
To toggle a bit state, we use Bitwise XOR:
#include <cstdint>
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
constexpr std::uint8_t mask0{ 0b0000'0001 }; // represents bit 0
constexpr std::uint8_t mask1{ 0b0000'0010 }; // represents bit 1
constexpr std::uint8_t mask2{ 0b0000'0100 }; // represents bit 2
constexpr std::uint8_t mask3{ 0b0000'1000 }; // represents bit 3
constexpr std::uint8_t mask4{ 0b0001'0000 }; // represents bit 4
constexpr std::uint8_t mask5{ 0b0010'0000 }; // represents bit 5
constexpr std::uint8_t mask6{ 0b0100'0000 }; // represents bit 6
constexpr std::uint8_t mask7{ 0b1000'0000 }; // represents bit 7
std::uint8_t flags{ 0b0000'0101 }; // 8 bits in size means room for 8 flags
std::cout << "bit 2 is " << ((flags & mask2) ? "on\n" : "off\n");
flags ^= mask2; // flip bit 2
std::cout << "bit 2 is " << ((flags & mask2) ? "on\n" : "off\n");
flags ^= mask2; // flip bit 2
std::cout << "bit 2 is " << ((flags & mask2) ? "on\n" : "off\n");
return 0;
}This prints:
bit 2 is on bit 2 is off bit 2 is on
We can flip multiple bits simultaneously:
flags ^= (mask4 | mask5); // flip bits 4 and 5 at the same timeBit masks and std::bitset
std::bitset supports the full set of bitwise operators. So even though it’s easier to use the functions (test, set, reset, and flip) to modify individual bits, you can use bitwise operators and bit masks if you want.
Why would you want to? The functions only allow you to modify individual bits. The bitwise operators allow you to modify multiple bits at once.
#include <cstdint>
#include <iostream>
#include <bitset>
int main()
{
constexpr std::bitset<8> mask0{ 0b0000'0001 }; // represents bit 0
constexpr std::bitset<8> mask1{ 0b0000'0010 }; // represents bit 1
constexpr std::bitset<8> mask2{ 0b0000'0100 }; // represents bit 2
constexpr std::bitset<8> mask3{ 0b0000'1000 }; // represents bit 3
constexpr std::bitset<8> mask4{ 0b0001'0000 }; // represents bit 4
constexpr std::bitset<8> mask5{ 0b0010'0000 }; // represents bit 5
constexpr std::bitset<8> mask6{ 0b0100'0000 }; // represents bit 6
constexpr std::bitset<8> mask7{ 0b1000'0000 }; // represents bit 7
std::bitset<8> flags{ 0b0000'0101 }; // 8 bits in size means room for 8 flags
std::cout << "bit 1 is " << (flags.test(1) ? "on\n" : "off\n");
std::cout << "bit 2 is " << (flags.test(2) ? "on\n" : "off\n");
flags ^= (mask1 | mask2); // flip bits 1 and 2
std::cout << "bit 1 is " << (flags.test(1) ? "on\n" : "off\n");
std::cout << "bit 2 is " << (flags.test(2) ? "on\n" : "off\n");
flags |= (mask1 | mask2); // turn bits 1 and 2 on
std::cout << "bit 1 is " << (flags.test(1) ? "on\n" : "off\n");
std::cout << "bit 2 is " << (flags.test(2) ? "on\n" : "off\n");
flags &= ~(mask1 | mask2); // turn bits 1 and 2 off
std::cout << "bit 1 is " << (flags.test(1) ? "on\n" : "off\n");
std::cout << "bit 2 is " << (flags.test(2) ? "on\n" : "off\n");
return 0;
}This prints:
bit 1 is off bit 2 is on bit 1 is on bit 2 is off bit 1 is on bit 2 is on bit 1 is off bit 2 is off
Making bit masks meaningful
Naming our bit masks “mask1” or “mask2” tells us what bit is being manipulated, but doesn’t give us any indication of what that bit flag is actually being used for.
A best practice is to give your bit masks useful names as a way to document the meaning of your bit flags. Here’s an example from a game we might write:
#include <cstdint>
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
// Define a bunch of physical/emotional states
constexpr std::uint8_t isHungry{ 1 << 0 }; // 0000 0001
constexpr std::uint8_t isSad{ 1 << 1 }; // 0000 0010
constexpr std::uint8_t isMad{ 1 << 2 }; // 0000 0100
constexpr std::uint8_t isHappy{ 1 << 3 }; // 0000 1000
constexpr std::uint8_t isLaughing{ 1 << 4 }; // 0001 0000
constexpr std::uint8_t isAsleep{ 1 << 5 }; // 0010 0000
constexpr std::uint8_t isDead{ 1 << 6 }; // 0100 0000
constexpr std::uint8_t isCrying{ 1 << 7 }; // 1000 0000
std::uint8_t me{}; // all flags/options turned off to start
me |= (isHappy | isLaughing); // I am happy and laughing
me &= ~isLaughing; // I am no longer laughing
// Query a few states
// (we'll use static_cast<bool> to interpret the results as a boolean value)
std::cout << "I am happy? " << static_cast<bool>(me & isHappy) << '\n';
std::cout << "I am laughing? " << static_cast<bool>(me & isLaughing) << '\n';
return 0;
}Here’s the same example implemented using std::bitset:
#include <iostream>
#include <bitset>
int main()
{
// Define a bunch of physical/emotional states
constexpr std::bitset<8> isHungry{ 0b0000'0001 };
constexpr std::bitset<8> isSad{ 0b0000'0010 };
constexpr std::bitset<8> isMad{ 0b0000'0100 };
constexpr std::bitset<8> isHappy{ 0b0000'1000 };
constexpr std::bitset<8> isLaughing{ 0b0001'0000 };
constexpr std::bitset<8> isAsleep{ 0b0010'0000 };
constexpr std::bitset<8> isDead{ 0b0100'0000 };
constexpr std::bitset<8> isCrying{ 0b1000'0000 };
std::bitset<8> me{}; // all flags/options turned off to start
me |= (isHappy | isLaughing); // I am happy and laughing
me &= ~isLaughing; // I am no longer laughing
// Query a few states (we use the any() function to see if any bits remain set)
std::cout << "I am happy? " << (me & isHappy).any() << '\n';
std::cout << "I am laughing? " << (me & isLaughing).any() << '\n';
return 0;
}Two notes here: First, std::bitset doesn’t have a nice function that allows you to query bits using a bit mask. So if you want to use bit masks rather than positional indexes, you’ll have to use Bitwise AND to query bits. Second, we make use of the any() function, which returns true if any bits are set, and false otherwise to see if the bit we queried remains on or off.
When are bit flags most useful?
Astute readers may note that the above examples don’t actually save any memory. 8 booleans would normally take 8 bytes. But the above examples use 9 bytes (8 bytes to define the bit masks, and 1 byte for the flag variable)!
Bit flags make the most sense when you have many identical flag variables. For example, in the example above, imagine that instead of having one person (me), you had 100. If you used 8 Booleans per person (one for each possible state), you’d use 800 bytes of memory. With bit flags, you’d use 8 bytes for the bit masks, and 100 bytes for the bit flag variables, for a total of 108 bytes of memory -- approximately 8 times less memory.
For most programs, the amount of memory saved using bit flags is not worth the added complexity. But in programs where there are tens of thousands or even millions of similar objects, using bit flags can reduce memory use substantially. It’s a useful optimization to have in your toolkit if you need it.
There’s another case where bit flags and bit masks can make sense. Imagine you had a function that could take any combination of 32 different options. One way to write that function would be to use 32 individual Boolean parameters:
void someFunction(bool option1, bool option2, bool option3, bool option4, bool option5, bool option6, bool option7, bool option8, bool option9, bool option10, bool option11, bool option12, bool option13, bool option14, bool option15, bool option16, bool option17, bool option18, bool option19, bool option20, bool option21, bool option22, bool option23, bool option24, bool option25, bool option26, bool option27, bool option28, bool option29, bool option30, bool option31, bool option32);Hopefully you’d give your parameters more descriptive names, but the point here is to show you how obnoxiously long the parameter list is.
Then when you wanted to call the function with options 10 and 32 set to true, you’d have to do so like this:
someFunction(false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, true, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, true);This is ridiculously difficult to read (is that option 9, 10, or 11 that’s set to true?), and also means you have to remember which argument corresponds to which option (is setting the “edit flag” the 9th, 10th, or 11th parameter?) It may also not be very performant, as every function call has to copy 32 booleans from the caller to the function.
Instead, if you defined the function using bit flags like this:
void someFunction(std::bitset<32> options);Then you could use bit flags to pass in only the options you wanted:
someFunction(option10 | option32);Not only is this much more readable, it’s likely to be more performant as well, since it only involves 2 operations (one Bitwise OR and one parameter copy).
This is one of the reasons OpenGL, a well regarded 3d graphic library, opted to use bit flag parameters instead of many consecutive Boolean parameters.
Here’s a sample function call from OpenGL:
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT); // clear the color and the depth bufferGL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT and GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT are bit masks defined as follows (in gl2.h):
#define GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT 0x00000100
#define GL_STENCIL_BUFFER_BIT 0x00000400
#define GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT 0x00004000Bit masks involving multiple bits
Although bit masks often are used to select a single bit, they can also be used to select multiple bits. Lets take a look at a slightly more complicated example where we do this.
Color display devices such as TVs and monitors are composed of millions of pixels, each of which can display a dot of color. The dot of color is composed from three beams of light: one red, one green, and one blue (RGB). By varying the intensity of the colors, any color on the color spectrum can be made. Typically, the amount of R, G, and B for a given pixel is represented by an 8-bit unsigned integer. For example, a red pixel would have R=255, G=0, B=0. A purple pixel would have R=255, G=0, B=255. A medium-grey pixel would have R=127, G=127, B=127.
When assigning color values to a pixel, in addition to R, G, and B, a 4th value called A is often used. “A” stands for “alpha”, and it controls how transparent the color is. If A=0, the color is fully transparent. If A=255, the color is opaque.
R, G, B, and A are normally stored as a single 32-bit integer, with 8 bits used for each component:
| 32-bit RGBA value | |||
| bits 31-24 | bits 23-16 | bits 15-8 | bits 7-0 |
| RRRRRRRR | GGGGGGGG | BBBBBBBB | AAAAAAAA |
| red | green | blue | alpha |
The following program asks the user to enter a 32-bit hexadecimal value, and then extracts the 8-bit color values for R, G, B, and A.
#include <cstdint>
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
constexpr std::uint32_t redBits{ 0xFF000000 };
constexpr std::uint32_t greenBits{ 0x00FF0000 };
constexpr std::uint32_t blueBits{ 0x0000FF00 };
constexpr std::uint32_t alphaBits{ 0x000000FF };
std::cout << "Enter a 32-bit RGBA color value in hexadecimal (e.g. FF7F3300): ";
std::uint32_t pixel{};
std::cin >> std::hex >> pixel; // std::hex allows us to read in a hex value
// use Bitwise AND to isolate red pixels,
// then right shift the value into the lower 8 bits
std::uint8_t red{ static_cast<std::uint8_t>((pixel & redBits) >> 24) };
std::uint8_t green{ static_cast<std::uint8_t>((pixel & greenBits) >> 16) };
std::uint8_t blue{ static_cast<std::uint8_t>((pixel & blueBits) >> 8) };
std::uint8_t alpha{ static_cast<std::uint8_t>(pixel & alphaBits) };
std::cout << "Your color contains:\n";
std::cout << std::hex; // print the following values in hex
std::cout << static_cast<int>(red) << " red\n";
std::cout << static_cast<int>(green) << " green\n";
std::cout << static_cast<int>(blue) << " blue\n";
std::cout << static_cast<int>(alpha) << " alpha\n";
return 0;
}This produces the output:
Enter a 32-bit RGBA color value in hexadecimal (e.g. FF7F3300): FF7F3300 Your color contains: ff red 7f green 33 blue 0 alpha
In the above program, we use a bitwise AND to query the set of 8 bits we’re interested in, and then we right shift them into an 8-bit value so we can print them back as hex values.
Summary
Summarizing how to set, clear, toggle, and query bit flags:
To query bit states, we use bitwise AND:
if (flags & option4) ... // if option4 is set, do somethingTo set bits (turn on), we use bitwise OR:
flags |= option4; // turn option 4 on.
flags |= (option4 | option5); // turn options 4 and 5 on.To clear bits (turn off), we use bitwise AND with bitwise NOT:
flags &= ~option4; // turn option 4 off
flags &= ~(option4 | option5); // turn options 4 and 5 offTo flip bit states, we use bitwise XOR:
flags ^= option4; // flip option4 from on to off, or vice versa
flags ^= (option4 | option5); // flip options 4 and 5Quiz time
Question #1
Do not use std::bitset in this quiz. We’re only using std::bitset for printing.
Given the following program:
#include <bitset>
#include <cstdint>
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
constexpr std::uint8_t option_viewed{ 0x01 };
constexpr std::uint8_t option_edited{ 0x02 };
constexpr std::uint8_t option_favorited{ 0x04 };
constexpr std::uint8_t option_shared{ 0x08 };
constexpr std::uint8_t option_deleted{ 0x10 };
std::uint8_t myArticleFlags{ option_favorited };
// ...
std::cout << std::bitset<8>{ myArticleFlags } << '\n';
return 0;
}a) Write a line of code to set the article as viewed.
Expected output:
00000101
b) Write a line of code to check if the article was deleted.
c) Write a line of code to clear the article as a favorite.
Expected output (Assuming you did quiz (a)):
00000001
1d) Extra credit: why are the following two lines identical?
myflags &= ~(option4 | option5); // turn options 4 and 5 off
myflags &= ~option4 & ~option5; // turn options 4 and 5 off