Quick review (also called ) are data types that can be constructed from fundamental data types (or other compound data types). The of an expression indicates whether an expression resolves to a value, a function, or an object of some kind. An is an expression that evaluates to a function …
There are certain questions that tend to get asked over and over. This FAQ will attempt to answer the most common ones. Q: Why shouldn’t we use “using namespace std”? The statement using namespace std; is a . Using directives import all of the identifiers from a namespace into the …
In lesson , we introduced the constexpr keyword, which we used to create compile-time (symbolic) constants. We also introduced constant expressions, which are expressions that can be evaluated at compile-time rather than runtime. Consider the following program, which uses two constexpr variables: #include <iostream> int main() { constexpr int x{ …
The ability to generate random numbers can be useful in certain kinds of programs, particularly in games, statistical modelling programs, and cryptographic applications that need to encrypt and decrypt things. Take games for example — without random events, monsters would always attack you the same way, you’d always find the …
In lesson , we discussed how the auto keyword can be used to have the compiler deduce the type of a variable from the initializer: int getVal(); // some function that returns an int by value int main() { auto val { getVal() }; // val deduced as type int …
Consider an employee represented by 3 loose variables: int main() { int id { 1 }; int age { 24 }; double wage { 52400.0 }; return 0; } If we want to pass this employee to a function, we have to pass three variables: #include <iostream> void printEmployee(int id, …
When we define a struct (or class) type, we can provide a default initialization value for each member as part of the type definition. This process is called , and the initialization value is called a . Here’s an example: struct Something { int x; // no initialization value (bad) …
In the previous lesson (), we talked about how to define structs, instantiate struct objects, and access their members. In this lesson, we’ll discuss how structs are initialized. Data members are not initialized by default Much like normal variables, data members are not initialized by default. Consider the following struct: …
In the prior lesson (), we mentioned that enumerators are symbolic constants. What we didn’t tell you then is that enumerators are integral symbolic constants. As a result, enumerated types actually hold an integral value. This is similar to the case with chars (). Consider: char ch { ‘A’ }; …
Because fundamental types are defined as part of the core C++ language, they are available for immediate use. For example, if we want to define a variable with a type of int or double, we can just do so: int x; // define variable of fundamental type ‘int’ double d; …
