Each block defines its own scope region. So what happens when we have a variable inside a nested block that has the same name as a variable in an outer block? When this happens, the nested variable “hides” the outer variable in areas where they are both in scope. This is called name hiding or shadowing.
Shadowing of local variables
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#include <iostream> int main() { // outer block int apples { 5 }; // here's the outer block apples { // nested block // apples refers to outer block apples here std::cout << apples << '\n'; // print value of outer block apples int apples{ 0 }; // define apples in the scope of the nested block // apples now refers to the nested block apples // the outer block apples is temporarily hidden apples = 10; // this assigns value 10 to nested block apples, not outer block apples std::cout << apples << '\n'; // print value of nested block apples } // nested block apples destroyed std::cout << apples << '\n'; // prints value of outer block apples return 0; } // outer block apples destroyed |
If you run this program, it prints:
5 10 5
In the above program, we first declare a variable named apples in the outer block. This variable is visible within the inner block, which we can see by printing its value (5). Then we declare a different variable (also named apples) in the nested block. From this point to the end of the block, the name apples refers to the nested block apples, not the outer block apples.
Thus, when we assign value 10 to apples, we’re assigning it to the nested block apples. After printing this value (10), nested block apples is destroyed. The existence and value of outer block apples is not affected, and we prove this by printing the value of outer block apples (5).
Note that if the nested block apples had not been defined, the name apples in the nested block would still refer to the outer block apples, so the assignment of value 10 to apples would have applied to the outer block apples:
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#include <iostream> int main() { // outer block int apples(5); // here's the outer block apples { // nested block // apples refers to outer block apples here std::cout << apples << '\n'; // print value of outer block apples // no inner block apples defined in this example apples = 10; // this applies to outer block apples std::cout << apples << '\n'; // print value of outer block apples } // outer block apples retains its value even after we leave the nested block std::cout << apples << '\n'; // prints value of outer block apples return 0; } // outer block apples destroyed |
The above program prints:
5 10 10
When inside the nested block, there’s no way to directly access the shadowed variable from the outer block.
Shadowing of global variables
Similar to how variables in a nested block can shadow variables in an outer block, local variables with the same name as a global variable will shadow the global variable wherever the local variable is in scope:
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#include <iostream> int value { 5 }; // global variable void foo() { std::cout << "global variable value: " << value << '\n'; // value is not shadowed here, so this refers to the global value } int main() { int value { 7 }; // hides the global variable value until the end of this block ++value; // increments local value, not global value std::cout << "local variable value: " << value << '\n'; foo(); return 0; } // local value is destroyed |
This code prints:
local variable value: 8 global variable value: 5
However, because global variables are part of the global namespace, we can use the scope operator (::) with no prefix to tell the compiler we mean the global variable instead of the local variable.
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#include <iostream> int value { 5 }; // global variable int main() { int value { 7 }; // hides the global variable value ++value; // increments local value, not global value --(::value); // decrements global value, not local value (parenthesis added for readability) std::cout << "local variable value: " << value << '\n'; std::cout << "global variable value: " << ::value << '\n'; return 0; } // local value is destroyed |
This code prints:
local variable value: 8 global variable value: 4
Avoid variable shadowing
Shadowing of local variables should generally be avoided, as it can lead to inadvertent errors where the wrong variable is used or modified. Some compilers will issue a warning when a variable is shadowed.
For the same reason that we recommend avoiding shadowing local variables, we recommend avoiding shadowing global variables as well. This is trivially avoidable if all of your global names use a “g_” prefix.
Best practice
Avoid variable shadowing.
 6.6 -- Internal linkage |
 Index |
 6.4 -- Introduction to global variables |
Hi Alex or nascardriver. Can you guys please explain to me why the output is 6 in the below code?
The inner `j` shadows the outer `j`. Your code is equivalent to
Thanks nascardriver. So that is why the output in the end is 6?
Well, you start at with sum=0, then you increase it 3 * 2 times. 3 * 2 is 6. The inner loop runs 2 times for each iteration of the outer loop, which runs 3 times.