The first category of control flow statements we’ll talk about is conditional statements. A is a statement that specifies whether some associated statement(s) should be executed or not. C++ supports two basic kinds of conditionals: if statements (which we introduced in lesson , and will talk about further here) and …
When a program is run, the CPU begins execution at the top of main(), executes some number of statements (in sequential order by default), and then the program terminates at the end of main(). The specific sequence of statements that the CPU executes is called the program’s (or , for …
There are many instances in programming where we need more than one variable in order to represent something of interest. As we discussed in the introduction to the previous chapter (), a fraction has a numerator and denominator that are linked together into a single mathematical object. Alternatively, lets say …
Type aliases In C++, is a keyword that creates an alias for an existing data type. To create such a type alias, we use the using keyword, followed by a name for the type alias, followed by an equals sign and an existing data type. For example: using Distance = …
C++ contains many useful fundamental and compound data types (which we introduced in lessons and ). But these types aren’t always sufficient for the kinds of things we want to do. For example, let’s say you’re writing a program that needs to keep track of whether an apple is red, …
The value of an object is stored as a sequence of bits, and the data type of the object tells the compiler how to interpret those bits into meaningful values. Different data types may represent the “same” number differently. For example, the integer value 3 might be stored as binary …
The term static is one of the most confusing terms in the C++ language, in large part because static has different meanings in different contexts. In prior lessons, we covered that global variables have static duration, which means they are created when the program starts and destroyed when the program …
In lesson , we covered that local variables are variables defined inside a function body. Local variables have block scope (are only visible within the block they are declared in), and have automatic duration (they are created at the point of definition and destroyed when the block is exited). In …
A (also called a , or ) is a group of zero or more statements that is treated by the compiler as if it were a single statement. Blocks begin with a { symbol, end with a } symbol, with the statements to be executed being placed in between. Blocks …
C++ provides 6 bit manipulation operators, often called operators: Author’s note In the following examples, we will largely be working with 4-bit binary values. This is for the sake of convenience and keeping the examples simple. In actual programs, the number of bits used is based on the size of …
