In the previous lesson 6.15 -- Implicit type conversion (coercion), we discussed that the compiler can implicitly convert a value from one data type to another through a system called implicit type conversion. When you want to promote a value from one data type to a larger similar data type, using implicit type conversion is fine.
However, many new programmers try something like this: float f = 10 / 4;. However, because 10 and 4 are both integers, no promotion takes place. Integer division is performed on 10 / 4, resulting in the value of 2, which is then implicitly converted to 2.0 and assigned to variable f!
In the case where you are using literal values (such as 10, or 4), replacing one or both of the integer literal values with a floating point literal value (10.0 or 4.0) will cause both operands to be converted to floating point values, and the division will be done using floating point math (and thus retain the fractional component).
But what if you are using variables? Consider this case:
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int i1 { 10 }; int i2 { 4 }; float f(i1 / i2); // List initialization would prevent this. Direct initialization is used for demonstration only. |
Variable f will end up with the value of 2. How do we tell the compiler that we want to use floating point division instead of integer division? The answer is by using a type casting operator (more commonly called a cast) to tell the compiler to do explicit type conversion. A cast represents a request by the programmer to do an explicit type conversion.
Type casting
In C++, there are 5 different types of casts: C-style casts, static casts, const casts, dynamic casts, and reinterpret casts. The latter four are sometimes referred to as named casts.
We’ll cover C-style casts and static casts in this lesson. Dynamic casts we’ll save until after we cover pointers and inheritance in future lessons.
Const casts and reinterpret casts should generally be avoided because they are only useful in rare cases and can be harmful if used incorrectly.
Warning
Avoid const casts and reinterpret casts unless you have a very good reason to use them.
C-style casts
In standard C programming, casts are done via the () operator, with the name of the type to convert the value to placed inside the parenthesis. For example:
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int i1 { 10 }; int i2 { 4 }; float f { (float)i1 / i2 }; |
In the above program, we use a float C-style cast to tell the compiler to convert i1 to a floating point value. Because the left operand of operator/ now evaluates to a floating point value, the right operator will be converted to a floating point value as well, and the division will be done using floating point division instead of integer division!
C++ will also let you use a C-style cast with a more function-call like syntax:
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int i1 { 10 }; int i2 { 4 }; float f { float(i1) / i2 }; |
This performs identically to the prior example.
Although a C-style cast appears to be a single cast, it can actually perform a variety of different conversions depending on context. This can include a static cast, a const cast or a reinterpret cast (the latter two of which we mentioned above you should avoid). As a result, C-style casts are at risk for being inadvertently misused, and not producing the expected behavior, something which is easily avoidable by using the C++ casts instead.
As an aside...
If you’re curious, this article has more information on how C-style casts actually work.
Warning
Avoid using C-style casts.
static_cast
C++ introduces a casting operator called static_cast, which can be used to convert a value of one type to a value of another type.
You’ve previously seen static_cast used to convert a char into an int so that std::cout prints it as an integer instead of a char:
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char c { 'a' }; std::cout << c << ' ' << static_cast<int>(c) << '\n'; // prints a 97 |
The static_cast operator takes a single value as input, and outputs the same value converted to the type specified inside the angled brackets. Static_cast is best used to convert one fundamental type into another.
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int i1 { 10 }; int i2 { 4 }; // convert an int to a float so we get floating point division rather than integer division float f { static_cast<float>(i1) / i2 }; |
The main advantage of static_cast is that it provides compile-time type checking, making it harder to make an inadvertent error. Static_cast is also (intentionally) less powerful than C-style casts, so you can’t inadvertently remove const or do other things you may not have intended to do.
Best practice
Favor static_cast when you need to convert a value from one type to another type
Using casts to make implicit type conversions clear
Compilers will often complain when an unsafe implicit type conversion is performed. For example, consider the following program:
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int i { 48 }; char ch = i; // implicit conversion |
Casting an int (4 bytes) to a char (1 byte) is potentially unsafe (as the compiler can’t tell whether the integer will overflow the range of the char or not), and so the compiler will typically print a warning. If we used list initialization, the compiler would yield an error.
To get around this, we can use a static cast to explicitly convert our integer to a char:
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int i { 48 }; // explicit conversion from int to char, so that a char is assigned to variable ch char ch { static_cast<char>(i) }; |
When we do this, we’re explicitly telling the compiler that this conversion is intended, and we accept responsibility for the consequences (e.g. overflowing the range of a char if that happens). Since the output of this static_cast is of type char, the assignment to variable ch doesn’t generate any type mismatches, and hence no warnings.
In the following program, the compiler will typically complain that converting a double to an int may result in loss of data:
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int i { 100 }; i = i / 2.5; |
To tell the compiler that we explicitly mean to do this:
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int i { 100 }; i = static_cast<int>(i / 2.5); |
Quiz time
 6.17 -- Unnamed and inline namespaces |
 Index |
 6.15 -- Implicit type conversion (coercion) |
Are static variables and static casts the same thing?
They're unrelated
Hello, thank you for the tutorial. I'd like to point out a small grammar error near the beginning of the lesson.
"In the case where you are using literal values (such as 10, or 4), replacing one or both of the integer literal value"
"value" should be plural
"In the case where you are using literal values (such as 10, or 4), replacing one or both of the integer literal values"
https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/13284/which-is-correct-one-or-more-is-or-one-or-more-are
You know how in C you could cast structs as function parameters without an identifier like so:
What's the "C++ way" of doing this using static_cast?
This doesn't work.
I don't know C, but if `print_coords` has a `Vector2` parameter you can simply construct the `Vector2` in the call
Yep, it's a struct `Vector2` parameter. That makes sense, thanks!
// Hello guys, this is simple code
// i want to used type conversion (casting) to change type
//from integer to double, but I failed. I dont know what is the problem
// can you help me, please..
#include <iostream>
int divi(int,int); // function prototype
using namespace std;
int main() {
int x=10; int y =3;
cout<<x<<" / "<<y<<" is "<< static_cast<double>(divi(x,y));
return 0;
}
int divi(int a, int b){
return a/b;
}
The integer division happens in `divi` already, the caller can't do anything about it. You need to cast one of the operands to a `double` and change the return type.
So i have an array
Using function find that search a number within myarray, the function will return std::end(myarray) if the number is not found, otherwise find will return pointer to other place.
If the number is found, the program will print the index within myarray
Now this got me thinking "what if i want to find out the number of bytes between std::begin(myarray) and found?". After trial and error, i can do it with this
But this is too tedious, so after looking around, it seems that i can do this instead
But after looking at this page, it says that reinterpret_cast can be harmful, or in this case it is alright to do this?
`reinterpret_cast` to `char` is allowed to observe bytes. Your specific use of `reinterpret_cast` is allowed, but still discouraged. You don't need any pointer casts at all, because you know the number of elements and the size of each element
What is decltype? I omitted it and there is no difference in result.
`decltype` "returns" the type of its argument, for example
`sizeof` also works with variables, so `decltype` can be omitted.
1) I think in the following snippet, you should replace regular initialization to list initialization as that example will compile and doesn't show any compile error with the regular initialization(=).
2) I found that, when we use list {} with assignment operator, the compiler will produce an error regarding narrowing conversion; otherwise it wouldn't with regular assignment. I didn't know we could use {} with assignment as well as initialization!
When I ran the following, I got error on narrowing conversion from int to float. But you said you got 2. is it because of the compiler?
Thanks for pointing out the error! I reverted the example to direct initialization and added a comment about why we can't use list initialization.
You are very welcome. Thanks for your help and reply.
In the following snippet, do STILL both literal floating point values convert to 'double' as the highest priority?
No, the division is performed using the types of the most precise operand. In your example, the most precise operand is a `float`, so the division is performed with `float`s.
Hi, wonderful people!
Just noticed a spelling error (paragraph before Type Casting):
"A cast represents an request by the programmer to do an explicit type conversion."
'an' should be 'a'.
Thanks for all the hard work, guys!
Fixed, thanks!
How would a typecast like this work:
I have seen this done many times but it still evades me as to how you can cast a non-pointer to a pointer. How would this work.
A pointer is just an address. You can cast them to integers and back. If the address you're casting doesn't point to an object of the pointer type, you're causing undefined behavior.
C-style casts are unsafe, they allow conversions that cause UB. You can do the same with a `reinterpret_cast`, but it's more obvious that this isn't a safe cast.
uintptr_t is not a pointer in and of itself, but capable of storing a pointer. I think it was misleading what I wrote.
so uintptr_t is a regular data type, unsigned long i believe.
But this doesn't make sense to me, because it is never taught how a non-pointer to a pointer cast works.
It's not taught, because it's unsafe and rarely useful. Unless you're doing low-level memory operation (Potentially intentionally invoking UB), there's no need to cast pointers to integers and back.
Vice-versa, i mean. Integers to pointers. This is what I need to know. I understand now cstyle casts should generally be avoided.. But I need to know how this particular operation works to see if there is a better cast for it.
And yes this is dealing with low-level memory operations.
Enter undefined behavior land. Virtually every compiler does what you want, but it doesn't have to.
A pointer is nothing but a number (The memory address). When you use a pointer, the memory at that address is read from, or written to.
Unlike a `static_cast`, a `reinterpret_cast` changes only the type, not the data.
First of all, Thanks for awesome tutorial!!!
Can anyone help me?
So the result of the follwing is 2.5
But if i change it a bit and put i1 and i2 into brackets (i1/i2), the result is 2.
Why??????
`i1 / i2` is performed first. Since both are `int`, the result is an `int` (2). You're then casting the 2 to `float`, but the precision has already been lost.
`i1` is cast to `float` first. Then you're dividing `float` by `int`, which produces a `float`.
Thank you very much for clarification!!!
I have a doubt about this sentence: "Because C-style casts are not checked by the compiler at compile time, C-style casts can be inherently misused". In my experience the C-style cast is checked by the compiler; for example this little program cannot compile:
the output console of Visual Studio 2017 says me:
error C2440: 'type cast': cannot convert from 'float' to 'char **'
I've updated the article a bit with better reasons not to use C-style casts, and added a link with more detail on how C-style casts work for the curious. Thanks!
"Static_cast takes as input a values" this bit confuses me.. can u explain what u mean
Yes he does. @Alex
?
Uhm, sorry, my reply doesn't make a lot of sense when I read the message wrong.
He means
"static_cast takes as input a value".
Single value, not values.
ahhh.. makes sense now thank you
Typo fixed. Thanks!
Can you give more examples of why c++ style cast should be preferred? C style casts have always worked fine for c and java for that matter. I don't understand why they took something simple from C and replaced it with this over complicated ugly, and cumbersome mess. What ever happened to if it ain't broke don't fix it?
C++ style casts should be preferred because:
1) They allow you to better express your intent.
2) C-style casts might do any number of things (and sometimes different things depending on context), and it's not always clear which one is being invoked from reading the code.
3) They're easier to find in your code precisely because they're "ugly" and differentiated.
4) At least in the case of dynamic_cast<>, they can do things that C-style casts can't.
There's nothing that says you have to give up C-style casts if you want to, but C++ styles casts are safer. https://anteru.net/blog/2007/c-background-static-reinterpret-and-c-style-casts/ has a little bit of additional information as well as an example of where C-style casts can go wrong.
```
In order to announce to the compiler that you are explicitly doing something you recognize is potentially unsafe (but want to do anyway), you can use a cast
```
I believe that's not actually what happened there. "static_cast" is an unary operator with high precedence level(2) which takes in one expression of a type and return that expression with the type programmer desired. So, compiler giving a warning for doing unsafe conversion on type-converting operator which purpose is to convert type makes no sense, so it won't. And when we do "i = static_cast<int>(i / 2.5);", "static_cast<int>(i/2.5);" will be evaluated first since "static_cast" operator has higher precedence lever than "operator=". When compiler evaluate "operator=", it see an int being assigned to an int so no warning.
I've confirmed it by using -Wconversion I found in a comment by @nascardriver. Try something like "float x= 3; int y = static_cast<double>(x);" and see your compiler still give warning even when you're using "static_cast".
I take your point -- the original wording left something to be desired. I've updated the lesson text to be more explanatory around what's happening without losing the "programmer is taking responsibility" angle.
Why should casting be avoided? Wouldn't it be better to use (static) casting always instead of letting it happen implicitly?
If you convert types, use a cast. What Alex is trying to say it that you should try to stay out of situations where you'd need a cast by using the same type.
Understood, thanks!
Also, is using smaller variables for values that are going to be a part of computation with longer variables redundant, since they are going to get promoted anyway?
Implicit conversion can be the cause of trouble. If you can, use the same type throughout your computation.
Hi there,
You said that "In the following program, the compiler will typically complain that converting a double to an int may result in loss of data:"
however I didn't find any issue by doing this on my side, I'm using
to compile my code. what could be the reason for this? Thanks in advance.
Add
@Alex
While you're add it, you can also use a newer standard
got it. thanks a lot!
what is type cast operator?
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class A {};
class B {
public:
// conversion from A (constructor):
B (const A& x) {}
// conversion from A (assignment):
B& operator= (const A& x) {return *this;}
// conversion to A (type-cast operator)
operator A() {return A();}
};
int main ()
{
A foo;
B bar = foo; // calls constructor
bar = foo; // calls assignment
foo = bar; // calls type-cast operator
return 0;
}
Can we use
in C++?
Also, what do you mean by getting rid of a const?