Expressions Consider the following series of statements, each of which defines a variable and initializes it: // five() is a function that returns the value 5 int five() { return 5; } int main() { int a{ 2 }; // initialize variable a with literal value 2 int b{ 2 …
C++ reserves a set of 92 words (as of C++23) for its own use. These words are called keywords (or reserved words), and each of these keywords has a special meaning within the C++ language. Here is a list of all the C++ keywords (through C++23): alignas alignof and and_eq …
I play many different kinds of video games, but Roguelike games are some of my favorites. Before I go into the why, let me introduce Roguelike games to those of you who are not familiar with them. The Roguelike game genre was created all the way back in 1980 when …
Bits, bytes, and memory addressing In lesson , we talked about the fact that variables are names for a piece of memory that can be used to store information. To recap briefly, computers have random access memory (RAM) that is available for programs to use. When a variable is defined, …
Chapter Review A statement is a type of instruction that causes the program to perform some action. Statements are often terminated by a semicolon. A function is a collection of statements that execute sequentially. Every C++ program must include a special function named main. When you run your program, execution …
When you compile your project, you might expect that the compiler compiles each code file exactly as you’ve written it. This actually isn’t the case. Instead, prior to compilation, each code (.cpp) file goes through a phase. In this phase, a program called the makes various changes to the text …
In lesson , we discussed how programs can be split across multiple files. We also discussed how forward declarations are used to allow the code in one file to access something defined in another file. When programs contain only a few small files, manually adding a few forward declarations to …
As programs get larger, it is common to split them into multiple files for organizational or reusability purposes. One advantage of working with an IDE is that they make working with multiple files much easier. You already know how to create and compile single-file projects. Adding new files to existing …
Take a look at this seemingly innocent sample program: #include <iostream> int main() { std::cout << “The sum of 3 and 4 is: ” << add(3, 4) << ‘\n’; return 0; } int add(int x, int y) { return x + y; } You would expect this program to produce …
A few days ago, I added a “recent news” box to the front page of the site, which shows the most recent items posted in the News category. It’s the easiest way to find the most up to date news about the site or the C++ Tutorial. Today when I …
