Author: Alex

Expressions Consider the following series of statements: // five() is a function that returns the value 5 int five() { return 5; } int main() { int a{ 2 }; // initialize variable a with literal value 2 int b{ 2 + 3 }; // initialize variable b with computed …

C++ reserves a set of 92 words (as of C++23) for its own use. These words are called keywords (or reserved words), and each of these keywords has a special meaning within the C++ language. Here is a list of all the C++ keywords (through C++23): alignas alignof and and_eq …

In lesson , we talked about the fact that variables are names for a piece of memory that can be used to store information. To recap briefly, computers have random access memory (RAM) that is available for programs to use. When a variable is defined, a piece of that memory …

A is a type of instruction that causes the program to perform some action. Statements are often terminated by a semicolon. A is a collection of statements that execute sequentially. Every C++ program must include a special function named main. When you run your program, execution starts at the top …

When you compile your project, you might expect that the compiler compiles each code file exactly as you’ve written it. This actually isn’t the case. Instead, prior to compilation, each code (.cpp) file goes through a phase. In this phase, a program called the makes various changes to the text …

As programs grow larger (and make use of more files), it becomes increasingly tedious to have to forward declare every function you want to use that is defined in a different file. Wouldn’t it be nice if you could put all your forward declarations in one place and then import …

As programs get larger, it is common to split them into multiple files for organizational or reusability purposes. One advantage of working with an IDE is that they make working with multiple files much easier. You already know how to create and compile single-file projects. Adding new files to existing …

Take a look at this seemingly innocent sample program: #include <iostream> int main() { std::cout << “The sum of 3 and 4 is: ” << add(3, 4) << ‘\n’; return 0; } int add(int x, int y) { return x + y; } You would expect this program to produce …